Bibliography - I. Jimenez Gonzalez

1. Scherer, George, and I. Jimenez Gonzalez, 2005: Characterization of Swelling in Clay-Bearing Stone. Stone decay and conservation, 390, doi:10.1130/0-8137-2390-6.51 51-61
   [ Abstract ]

   Many sedimentary rocks contain clays that cause differential swelling upon exposure to moisture, and the resulting internal stresses are blamed for the deterioration of buildings and monuments. To predict the likelihood of damage from this mechanism, it is necessary to characterize the magnitude of the swelling and the mechanical properties of the stone. Stones that swell also exhibit viscoelastic behavior, probably owing to sliding of the clay layers. In this paper we discuss the characterization of the relaxation and swelling behavior and the estimation of stresses resulting from swelling. A new method for measuring swelling is introduced, in which warping of a plate of stone is produced by wetting one side. This method is faster than the traditional direct measurement of swelling pressure, and it also yields information about the permeability and the influence of wetting on the elastic modulus. Sample results are presented for Portland Brownstone.

2. Jimenez Gonzalez, I., and George Scherer, 2004: Effect of swelling inhibitors on the swelling and stress relaxation of clay-bearing stones. Environmental Geology, 46(3-4), doi:10.1007/s00254-004-1038-8 364-377
   [ Abstract ]

   Clay-containing stones such as Portland Brownstone (USA), Villarlod Molasse (Switzerland) and Tarifa Sandstone (Spain), are expected to weather as a result of wetting and drying cycles. During drying events, contraction of the drying surface leads to stresses approaching the tensile strength of the stone. However, we have found that the magnitude of these stresses is reduced by the ability of the stone to undergo stress relaxation. In this paper we describe novel methods to determine the magnitude of the stresses and the rate at which they develop and relax. We also discuss the influence of swelling inhibitors on the magnitude of swelling and the rate of the stress relaxation of these stones. The implications of our findings for the understanding of damage due to swelling of clays are discussed.

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